The civil servant’s tale: Geoffrey Chaucer in the archives

When you think of Geoffrey Chaucer, what words or themes do you think of? Words like ‘writer’, ‘poet’ and ‘philosopher’ come naturally to mind, but what about ‘accountant’, ‘soldier’, ‘politician’ and ‘debtor’?

Those involved in studying Chaucer have long been aware of his extensive career as a courtier, diplomat and civil servant, but the details and extent of his day job haven’t always permeated the public conscience.

While we don’t hold any of Chaucer’s literary works in our collection, we do have hundreds of documents about the man himself and his activities, which allow us to build up a picture of his life and career through the various offices of state that formed the medieval civil service.

Whether counting pennies as a customs officer, fighting the French in the Hundred Years’ War, or in trouble with the central law courts, the people and events featured in our documents all influenced Chaucer in some way, and maybe even provided the inspiration for some of his fictional characters in The Canterbury Tales.

In this series of blogs, I will be exploring just a small selection of these documents to try and give an idea of the man himself, and the circumstances in which he would go on to write his historic works.

Foreign Service

In the first of this series, I will be looking at Chaucer’s early career and involvement in the Hundred Years’ War, as well as his connections to the royal court, showing both the type of activities he took part in and also the gifts and rewards he received for this service.

Much of Chaucer’s early career was spent not at home but overseas, as he travelled across the continent, first in the service of Lionel, earl of Ulster, and then as a member of the royal household.

In October 1360 he was recorded as being in Calais with Ulster, where he was paid three roiales (worth nine shillings) for his efforts in carrying letters to England (datum Galfrido Chaucer per preceptum domini eundo cum litteris in Angliam), although these were probably the earl’s private correspondence rather than state affairs.

Chaucer’s time in France at this point was not as peaceful as a courier job might suggest. Earlier in 1359-60 he had served in at least one of the many military campaigns which formed the Hundred Years’ War, details of which he recorded in a later deposition in the Court of Chivalry (as discussed in a recent blog by my colleague, Ben Trowbridge). In the course of this campaign, Chaucer was captured and ransomed back to the English, for which Edward III had paid £16 (a large sum of money, but one which paled in comparison with the £50 paid for the king’s esquire Richard Stury in the same account).

At an unknown point between 1360 and 1367, Chaucer’s service switched from Ulster’s household to the king’s, and his European voyages became increasingly diplomatic in nature, as he was given several commissions to treat with foreign representatives and merchants, both at home and abroad. Between 1372 and 1373 for example, he was commissioned to travel to Genoa and Florence to negotiate commercial trading agreements and possibly also to secure large loans for the English crown.

Chaucer’s connections with the Genoese continued on his return to England, when in August 1373 he was commissioned to deliver a Genoese ship, La Seinte Marie et Seint George – captured at Dartmouth – to its rightful owner, the merchant John de Nigris, who was also given safe conduct to trade in England ¹.

Trade disputes were not the only European exploits undertaken by Chaucer, however, as he received several commissions throughout the 1370s to travel to Flanders,  France and Italy (among other journeys), negotiating peace treaties between England and France and conveying the king’s ‘secret business’ (secretis negociis regis).

The Royal Household

Service in the royal household brought the possibility of significant rewards for both Chaucer and members of his family, as royal favour bestowed gifts of money, goods, and clothes on members of the household regularly.

Alongside Geoffrey Chaucer, we also find evidence for his wife Philippa, who served as domicella to her namesake Queen Philippa between 1366 and 1369 (when the queen died), and continued her service in the household of John of Gaunt into the 1380s.

Some of these issues were paid to Philippa through her husband (per manus eiusdem Galfridi [Chaucer]), whose name features before hers in the roll, but on other occasions she received the sums without Geoffrey’s involvement, including this entry where she received 66s. 8d. as payment for half payment of that term’s annuity ².

Gifts and rewards for those in the king’s household weren’t always granted in the form of money. In 1374, Chaucer was granted a pitcher of wine (probably equivalent to a gallon of wine) to be redeemed daily at the port of London, which he continued to receive until his death (although it later changed from a daily to an annual allowance).

The effects that this quantity of wine may have had on Chaucer’s writings is unknown, but as this warrant and subsequent patent were granted at Windsor Castle on St George’s Day, it has been suggested that the wine may have been a gift to Chaucer in reward for a performance at the annual St George’s Day feast (although such grants were not unheard of to the king’s esquires).

As members of the royal household, both Philippa and Geoffrey Chaucer also received grants of clothing, including robes for both winter and summer, and liveries on certain occasions such as funerals.

At the funerals of both Queen Philippa in 1369 and Joan, Dowager Princess of Wales (Richard II’s mother) in 1385 the Chaucers received allowances of black cloth for their mourning, alongside the other members of the household.

Alongside the potential for royal liveries, Chaucer also developed a strong connection with the Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt, in whose patronage he served.

In 1374, Gaunt granted Geoffrey and Philippa a life annuity of £10 in consideration of their services to John, his mother, and consort, and continued to provide annuities and livery to Chaucer throughout the 1380s and 90s ³. One such gift was a scarlet gown, for which the keeper of Gaunt’s household purchased fur during the financial year 1395-6.

These documents give an interesting insight into Chaucer’s early career, and the patronage networks in which he moved throughout his career. As a member of leading and royal households, Chaucer was very much a man on the rise, and by 1374 he was in a position to turn this into prominent and lucrative appointments within the medieval civil service.

In the next of these blogs, we will dig a little deeper into these appointments, positions and responsibilities, and find out a little more about Geoffrey Chaucer the accountant, customs official, and builder.

Read part two and part three of this series.

Further reading

• ‘The Riverside Chaucer’ ed. Larry D. Benson
• ‘Chaucer Life-Records’ ed. Martin M. Crow and Clair C. Olsen